Radiation has always been in everyday life even before...

Radiation has always been in everyday life even before Roentgen discovered x-ray. The mountains give off natural radiation, other forms of radiation are coal burning power plants, x-rays from a TV, and an airplane ride. The average dose from background radiation is about 360 mrem every year. There are two types of radiation, nonionizing and ionizing radiation. Examples of nonionizing radiation are microwaves and radio waves broadcasting. Ionizing radiation refers to gamma and x-rays. Ionizing radiation means that the rays are able to remove an electron from the atom then ions can be formed. The ions can cause damage when reacting with other atoms. Cells are able to be repaired if low dose are received. However, if cells get a high dose,†¦show more content†¦If a pediatric patient receives a lot of radiation then their cells could be mutated and reproduce causing more mutated cells. Pediatric patients in the 1940’s with respiratory problems would be diagnosed with thei r thymus gland being enlarged. The thymus reacts to infection by enlarging. Infants would soon have an enlarged thymus following birth and physicians would give the infants doses of x-radiation to reduce the size. Because the thyroid is by the thymus, it would also receive a dose. After 20 years, most of those people exposed would develop thyroid carcinomas. (Statkiewicz-Sherer, 1983) X-ray was first discovered on November 8, 1895 by accident. Wilhelm Roentgen was conducting some laboratory experiments with cathode rays. A piece of cardboard, covered with fluorescent minerals, began to glow when the cathode was on. Roentgen immediately began to further his research with this accidental discovery. The first x-ray was of Anna’s hand (Wilhelm’s wife). Anna later died of sarcoma, which would later be discovered was from the radiation she had received. Many years later Wilhelm died in 1923 of carcinoma of the intestine. (Famous Scientist, 2013) The first â€Å"Radiology Martyr† is Clarence Dally. Thomas Edison discovered a device called fluoroscope. Clarence was Thomas’ assistant with many experiments. Edison stopped his experiments when he noticed that Clarence began to develop burns on his skin. These burns soon turned into malignant neoplasm.

The Disney film Pocahontas can be viewed as a false...

The Disney film Pocahontas can be viewed as a false portrayal of American history. Although it may have been made for entertainment purposes, Pocahontas is regarded to be a coming of age film for children due to its didacticism. The life lessons that one could possibly take away from the film are considerably positive, but the depiction of Native American and European cultures is deceitful. Most Disney films involve â€Å"epic romances,† in the case of Pocahontas one is not necessarily needed to convey the message of the film. Even though historical films cannot always be accurate to actual events, this film manages to stray away from the actual historical story of Pocahontas entirely. Due to this, children are presented with false information†¦show more content†¦Disney not only fictionalizes accounts from American history, but romanticizes them as well. Since the film is directed towards children, many of them do not learn the real history of Pocahontas before watch ing the film thus believing the scripted story to be factual. The European men in the film all look like individuals whereas the Native Americans all look the same making it harder to differentiate between them. This could symbolize the idea that all Native Americans are the same in personality and behavior. Pocahontas was the only one in the film that stood out from the pack, she was the exception. Great emphasis is put on imagination and emotions to assist in decision making as the older neoclassical approach of using intellect is rejected. Aside from the lack of historical accuracy, Pocahontas still teaches its viewers multiple life lessons. The main lesson for children that comes across is the idea that being an individual should be embraced. All of the Native Americans are quick to hide and prepare for battle when they see that Europeans have started taking over their land. Pocahontas is the only one who gives the Englishmen a chance to talk and share their story as to why they have come here. Pocahontas rebels against her familys wishes and ends up saving John Smith from death and the entire village from a bloody and violent battle. She does follow the herd and embraces her uniquenessShow MoreRelatedMercedes-Benz CL-Class v/s BMW 3 Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesMERC v/s the BMW: Mercedes-Benz CL-Class 500: Engine Engine Type V-Type Engine Engine Description 5.5L 388bhp V8 Engine Displacement (cc) 5461 No. of Cylinders 8 Maximum Power 388@6,000 (PS@rpm) Maximum Torque 54@2,800-4,800 (kgm@rpm) Valves per Cylinder 4 Valve Configuration DOHC Fuel Supply System SEFI Bore x Stroke 98 x 90.5 mm Compression Ratio 10.7:1 Transmission Transmission Type AutomaticRead MoreAnalysis Of Centreline Segregation ( Cls ) Essay2348 Words   |  10 Pagesupon the issues inherent to the process. Centreline segregation (CLS) has been touted as one of the most notorious defects in CC steel for over 30 years, especially where finely-tuned alloys are concerned (i.e. microalloyed steels) [AYA84]. CLS, in short, describes the appearance of higher concentrations of alloying elements at the center of a CC piece of steel as compared to the nominal composition. All elements are susceptible to CLS, though some, such as Sulphur, Phosphorous, Carbon, and ManganeseRead MoreA Short Note On Na K Cl Cotransporter805 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Na-K-Cl cotransporter is a group of ubiquitous membrane transport proteins. This secretory cotransporter maintains electroneutrality by transporting ions with the stoichiometry of 1Na+: 1K+: 2Cl-. Two different gene isoforms of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter have been found. Both varieties of the symporter act to regulate and maintain cell volume and intracellular Cl- concentrations. However, the two different isoforms of NKCC vary structurally as although NKCC2 is around 60% homologousRead MoreComparing the Disclosure for Intangible Assets of Cls and Acrux2252 Words   |  10 PagesResearch report Topic: Comparing the disclosure for intangible assets of CLS and Acrux Details: Analyze the disclosure of intangible assets about two selected company CSL and Acrux. Executive Summary The Australian Securities amp; Investments Commission s (ASIC) Financial Reporting Surveillance Program was purpose to improve the quality of financial reporting by reviewing the annual financial reports of two listed companies whether or not compliance with the Corporations Act and AustralianRead MoreThe Best Practice Procedures The Cls Have Set Up A Number Of Risk Management Procedures824 Words   |  4 PagesTo coincide with the best practice procedures the CLS have set up a number of risk management procedures for its members and the procedures to become a member. â€Å"Every instruction must go through various tests before it is accepted by the CLS.† (Swiss National Bank p. 8) This series of test includes that the institutions must have a positive overall account balance of the participant’s sub- accounts with the CLS, a short position limit in any one currency, and aggregate shore positions. (Swiss NationalRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma On Children And Adolesce nts1488 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Trauma has caused hospitalized pediatric patients to become uneasy and anxious with no additional support. Thus, Child Life Services (CLS) is being proposed to Highland Hospital, as it does not currently offer any therapeutic consultations to pediatric patients and families to help ease traumatic feelings. CLS essentially provide a variety of different therapeutic programs to distract hospitalized children from pain, stress and being traumatized after medical procedures. Problem StatementRead MoreCell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability1362 Words   |  6 PagesDiffusion Rate Na+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.0000 Urea 20 9.00 0.0000 Na+ Cl- 50 9.00 0.0150 Na+ Cl- 50 18.00 0.0300 Na+ Cl- 100 9.00 0.0150 Urea 100 9.00 0.0094 Glucose 200 9.00 0.0040 Albumin 200 9.00 0.0000 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will have on the glucose transport rate? Your answer : b. The glucose transport rate will increase. Predict Question 2: What effect do you think adding Na+ Cl- will have onRead MoreThe Bank For International Settlement843 Words   |  4 Pageshandling foreign exchange situations. With the demise of the Bankhaus Herstatt in 1974 a system that could protect against the risk of FX settlements was in dire need. The Bank for International Settlement developed the Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) in 2002. The group would provide the members associated with them the allowance to use the foreign exchange market as a national payment system. According the textbook, International Finance by Maurice Levi, the definition of the Continuous LinkedRead MoreThe Gravimetric Analysis of Chloride Salt1469 Words   |  6 Pagesunknown soluble salt. Theory: AgCl(s) is a very insoluble solid, yet still does have some solubility. Because of these traits, the following reaction is able to occur: Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s) . This reaction is able to occur in both directions. When a soluble silver salt such as AgNO3 is added to a solution containing Cl−(aq) ion, then the added Ag+(aq) precipitates as AgCl(s) until all the chloride is consumed. For this particular reaction K sp = 1.6 x 10−10.   The reason why the solution isRead MoreFlight Vehicle Design Project 21508 Words   |  7 Pages CLTOmax is assumed to be 2.0, therefore CL = 2.0 / 1.44 = 1.389. The drag polar for this case is: CD = 0.0310+ CL^2 / 25.1 CD = 0.1051 This yields: (L / D) = 13.2125 (T / W)TO = 0.1754 (T / W)TO @ 98F = 0.2192 FAR 25.121 (Gear down T.O Flaps) (T / W)TO = 2 [1 / (L / D) + 0] between VLOF and V2. | It will be assumed, that VLOF = 1.1VSTO. | Because CLTOmax = 2.0, CLLOF = 2.0 / 1.1^2 = 1.6529 | The drag polar is: | CD = 0.0310 + CL^2 / 25.4 | CD = | 0.1521 FAR 25.121 (gear

Explore the presentation of Nick as a narrator in the first three chapters of The Great Gatsby Free Essays

Nick comes across as an unreliable narrator throughout the first three chapters of ‘The Great Gatsby’, especially during Chapter two at the party, where his use of ellipses suggests to the reader that his knowledge is distorted. Also, nick is unable to give an accurate account of what has occurred in the society he has become acquainted with before he moved to West Egg and therefore his insights into events are based on hearsay and rumours. Jordan has become a source of Nick’s intelligence, and he demands information from her at Gatsby’s party – about Gatsby himself – however he then goes on to describe her as ‘incurably dishonest’, casting doubt on everything she has said previous to this. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the presentation of Nick as a narrator in the first three chapters of The Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, Nick does not confirm whether the information he has been told is truthful or not, he merely states what he has been informed without expanding on this, thus it is unclear to the reader if Jordan is a reliable source of information. Nick himself is going through an internal conflict, implying that he cannot give an accurate, unbiased account of what is going on in other people’s lives. It is clear that he is struggling between two contrasting lifestyles – the pleasure-orientated, fast-paced life of New York and the conventional, fairly nondescript background he came from where, he believes, morality is still valued. This suggests that he is so concerned with his own problems that he cannot afford to think through the events of other people. Despite this, Nick seems drawn towards the garishly ostentatious lifestyle that he is introduced to at Gatsby’s party and appears to forget his morals and ideals – ‘on my way to get roaring drunk’; this story is set whilst prohibition was in place, and so to get ‘roaring drunk’ was to go against the law. This contradicts his earlier statement, ‘wanting the world to be in uniform’ which implies that he wants the strict discipline and uniformity of society during the Great War back, despite him participating in many activities that would strongly go against this – for instance, his drunken fiasco at Myrtle’s apartment. Incidentally, the morals he so strongly believes in are questioned through his meeting with Myrtle – she is Nick’s cousins husbands mistress and yet he seems to have no objection to their affair, despite the seemingly close relationship he has with Daisy. Furthermore, the ease at which he has adapted his characteristics is similar to the ease that the disciplined society of the Great War changed at its sudden abrupt end; although he is being critical about the changes that have happened since that point in time he is actually changing in the same way, thus emphasising his hypocritical mannerisms. Nick seems to have been caught up in the moral decay of the society; the only mention of his engagement is from Daisy in Chapter 1, and in the form of the ‘certain girl’ that played tennis at the end of chapter three, but the lack of detail given about her suggests that he doesn’t believe that fact to be entirely important – especially considering that Nick is writing about past events. Based on the romantic imagery that he uses – ‘one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance’ – and the romantic ideals he appears to believe in, it seems out of character for him to skip over his engagement, thereby suggesting that he has been caught up in the moral decay within the society. Nicks character portrays something different to what Nick as a narrator thinks. Nick believes he is ‘inclined to reserve all judgements’, however he immediately contradicts this by stating he has been made ‘victim of not a few veteran bores’, reiterating his obvious hypocrisy. This is the narrator’s attempt to make the reader aware that although many opinions are not voiced, they are still there and various techniques are used throughout to novel to allow the reader to draw their own conclusion – especially symbolism. Whilst Nick realises that Tom, Daisy and Jordan are dishonourable people, he still spends a great deal of time with them, choosing to neglect their faults; it is more important for him to fit in with these rich, sophisticated people that to risk his friendship with them by pointing out their imperfections. It is this reservation of the truth that leads the reader to question Nick’s reliability and honesty, and it is also this that makes him conform to the majority of society; most people are dishonest and they sacrifice their honesty to fit in with the rest of society. Nick seems to be a bit of a wallflower throughout the first three chapters in that he doesn’t get involved in the events that are happening all around him and appears to blend in with the background. This is especially apparent in Chapter Two; whilst Nick is at Myrtle and Tom’s apartment he merely sits and watches everyone else in the room. It implies that he doesn’t have a mind of his own – he would rather sit and watch from the side-lines than actually get involved – and this is emphasised when Tom drags him off the train to meet Myrtle, ‘I followed him’. The valley of ashes appears to intrigue and repulse Nick almost simultaneously – this is made apparent through his use of imagery, ‘spasms of dust’. This is perhaps because, whilst Nick thinks that he has seen the ‘real world’ he has in fact only seen a shaded version of reality as he comes from a reasonably well-off background – implies through his great-uncle being able to send a ‘substitute to the Civil War’ in his place, which was something that only the rich could achieve. Part of Fitzgerald’s skill in ‘The Great Gatsby’ shines through the way he cleverly makes Nick a focal point of the action, whilst simultaneously allowing him to remain sufficiently in the background, thereby being able to comment on what events were unfolding; throughout the novel, Nick functions as Fitzgerald’s voice. How to cite Explore the presentation of Nick as a narrator in the first three chapters of The Great Gatsby, Papers

ECON 202 CH. 6 Essay Example For Students

ECON 202 CH. 6 Essay The price elasticity of demand coefficient measures: A. buyer responsiveness to price changes. B. the extent to which a demand curve shifts as incomes change. C. the slope of the demand curve. D. how far business executives can stretch their fixed costs. A. buyer responsiveness to price changes. The basic formula for the price elasticity of demand coefficient is: A. absolute decline in quantity demanded/absolute increase in price. B. percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in price. C. absolute decline in price/absolute increase in quantity demanded. D. percentage change in price/percentage change in quantity demanded. B. percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in price. The demand for a product is inelastic with respect to price if: A. consumers are largely unresponsive to a per unit price change. B. the elasticity coefficient is greater than 1. C. a drop in price is accompanied by a decrease in the quantity demanded. D. a drop in price is accompanied by an increase in the quantity demanded. A. consumers are largely unresponsive to a per unit price change. If the price elasticity of demand for a product is 2.5, then a price cut from $2.00 to $1.80 will: A. increase the quantity demanded by about 2.5 percent. B. decrease the quantity demanded by about 2.5 percent. C. increase the quantity demanded by about 25 percent. D. increase the quantity demanded by about 250 percent. C. increase the quantity demanded by about 25 percent. Suppose that as the price of Y falls from $2.00 to $1.90 the quantity of Y demanded increases from 110 to 118. Then the price elasticity of demand is: A. 4.00. B. 2.09. C. 1.37. D. 3.94. C. 1.37. Which of the following is not characteristic of the demand for a commodity that is elastic? A. The relative change in quantity demanded is greater than the relative change in price. B. Buyers are relatively sensitive to price changes. C. Total revenue declines if price is increased. D. The elasticity coefficient is less than one. D. The elasticity coefficient is less than one. If the demand for product X is inelastic, a 4 percent increase in the price of X will: A. decrease the quantity of X demanded by more than 4 percent. B. decrease the quantity of X demanded by less than 4 percent. C. increase the quantity of X demanded by more than 4 percent. D. increase the quantity of X demanded by less than 4 percent. B. decrease the quantity of X demanded by less than 4 percent. If a firm can sell 3,000 units of product A at $10 per unit and 5,000 at $8, then: A. the price elasticity of demand is 0.44. B. A is a complementary good. C. the price elasticity of demand is 2.25. D. A is an inferior good. C. the price elasticity of demand is 2.25. A perfectly inelastic demand schedule: A. rises upward and to the right, but has a constant slope. B. can be represented by a line parallel to the vertical axis. C. cannot be shown on a two-dimensional graph. D. can be represented by a line parallel to the horizontal axis. B. can be represented by a line parallel to the vertical axis. The larger the coefficient of price elasticity of demand for a product, the: A. larger the resulting price change for an increase in supply. B. more rapid the rate at which the marginal utility of that product diminishes. C. less competitive will be the industry supplying that product. D. smaller the resulting price change for an increase in supply. D. smaller the resulting price change for an increase in supply. Most demand curves are relatively elastic in the upper-left portion because the original price: A. and quantity from which the percentage changes in price and quantity are calculated are both large. B. and quantity from which the percentage changes in price and quantity are calculated are both small. C. from which the percentage price change is calculated is small and the original quantity from which the percentage change in quantity is calculated is large. D. from which the percentage price change is calculated is large and the original quantity from which the percentage change in quantity is calculated is small. D. from which the percentage price change is calculated is large and the original quantity from which the percentage change in quantity is calculated is small. The price elasticity of demand for widgets is 0.80. Assuming no change in the demand curve for widgets, a 16 percent increase in sales implies a: A. 1 percent reduction in price. B. 12 percent reduction in price. C. 40 percent reduction in price. D. 20 percent reduction in price. D. 20 percent reduction in price. Suppose Aiyannas Pizzeria currently faces a linear demand curve and is charging a very high price per pizza and doing very little business. Aiyanna now decides to lower pizza prices by 5 percent per week for an indefinite period of time. We can expect that each successive week: A. demand will become more price elastic. B. price elasticity of demand will not change as price is lowered. C. demand will become less price elastic. D. the elasticity of supply will increase. C. demand will become less price elastic. The price elasticity of demand of a straight-line demand curve is: A. elastic in high-price ranges and inelastic in low-price ranges. B. elastic, but does not change at various points on the curve. C. inelastic, but does not change at various points on the curve. D. 1 at all points on the curve. A. elastic in high-price ranges and inelastic in low-price ranges. A leftward shift in the supply curve of product X will increase equilibrium price to a greater extent the: A. more elastic the supply curve. B. larger the elasticity of demand coefficient. C. more elastic the demand for the product. D. more inelastic the demand for the product. D. more inelastic the demand for the product. If the demand for bacon is relatively elastic, a 10 percent decline in the price of bacon will: A. decrease the amount demanded by more than 10 percent. B. increase the amount demanded by more than 10 percent. C. decrease the amount demanded by less than 10 percent. D. increase the amount demanded by less than 10 percent. B. increase the amount demanded by more than 10 percent. The price elasticity of demand is generally: A. negative, but the minus sign is ignored. B. positive, but the plus sign is ignored. C. positive for normal goods and negative for inferior goods. D. positive because price and quantity demanded are inversely related. A. negative, but the minus sign is ignored. For a linear demand curve: A. elasticity is constant along the curve. B. elasticity is unity at every point on the curve. C. demand is elastic at low prices. D. demand is elastic at high prices. D. demand is elastic at high prices. The price of product X is reduced from $100 to $90 and, as a result, the quantity demanded increases from 50 to 60 units. Therefore demand for X in this price range: A. has declined. B. is of unit elasticity. C. is inelastic. D. is elastic. D. is elastic. If a demand for a product is elastic, the value of the price elasticity coefficient is: A. zero. B. greater than one. C. equal to one. D. less than one. B. greater than one. The concept of price elasticity of demand measures: A. the slope of the demand curve. B. the number of buyers in a market. C. the extent to which the demand curve shifts as the result of a price decline. D. the sensitivity of consumer purchases to price changes. D. the sensitivity of consumer purchases to price changes. Suppose the price of local cable TV service increased from $16.20 to $19.80 and as a result the number of cable subscribers decreased from 224,000 to 176,000. Along this portion of the demand curve, price elasticity of demand is: A. 0.8. B. 1.2. C. 1.6. D. 8.0 B. 1.2. If the price of hand calculators falls from $10 to $9 and, as a result, the quantity demanded increases from 100 to 125, then: A. demand is elastic. B. demand is inelastic. C. demand is of unit elasticity. D. not enough information is given to make a statement about elasticity. A. demand is elastic. A perfectly inelastic demand curve: A. has a price elasticity coefficient greater than unity. B. has a price elasticity coefficient of unity throughout. C. graphs as a line parallel to the vertical axis. D. graphs as a line parallel to the horizontal axis. C. graphs as a line parallel to the vertical axis. If quantity demanded is completely unresponsive to price changes, demand is: A. perfectly inelastic. B. perfectly elastic. C. relatively inelastic. D. relatively elastic. A. perfectly inelastic. A firm can sell as much as it wants at a constant price. Demand is thus: A. perfectly inelastic. B. perfectly elastic. C. relatively inelastic. D. relatively elastic. B. perfectly elastic. A demand curve which is parallel to the horizontal axis is: A. perfectly inelastic. B. perfectly elastic. C. relatively inelastic. D. relatively elastic. B. perfectly elastic. When the percentage change in price is greater than the resulting percentage change in quantity demanded: A. a decrease in price will increase total revenue. B. demand may be either elastic or inelastic. C. an increase in price will increase total revenue. D. demand is elastic. C. an increase in price will increase total revenue. Suppose the price elasticity coefficients of demand are 1.43, 0.67, 1.11, and 0.29 for products W, X, Y, and Z respectively. A 1 percent decrease in price will increase total revenue in the case(s) of: A. W and Y. B. Y and Z. C. X and Z. D. Z and W. A. W and Y. Which of the following statements is not correct? A. If the relative change in price is greater than the relative change in the quantity demanded associated with it, demand is inelastic. B. In the range of prices in which demand is elastic, total revenue will diminish as price decreases. C. Total revenue will not change if price varies within a range where the elasticity coefficient is unity. D. Demand tends to be elastic at high prices and inelastic at low prices. B. In the range of prices in which demand is elastic, total revenue will diminish as price decreases. In which of the following instances will total revenue decline? A. price rises and supply is elastic B. price falls and demand is elastic C. price rises and demand is inelastic D. price rises and demand is elastic D. price rises and demand is elastic If a firms demand for labor is elastic, a union-negotiated wage increase will: A. necessarily be inflationary. B. cause the firms total payroll to increase. C. cause the firms total payroll to decline. D. cause a shortage of labor. C. cause the firms total payroll to decline. The Illinois Central Railroad once asked the Illinois Commerce Commission for permission to increase its commuter rates by 20 percent. The railroad argued that declining revenues made this rate increase essential. Opponents of the rate increase contended that the railroads revenues would fall because of the rate hike. It can be concluded that: A. both groups felt that the demand was elastic but for different reasons. B. both groups felt that the demand was inelastic but for different reasons. C. the railroad felt that the demand for passenger service was inelastic and opponents of the rate increase felt it was elastic. D. the railroad felt that the demand for passenger service was elastic and opponents of the rate increase felt it was inelastic. C. the railroad felt that the demand for passenger service was inelastic and opponents of the rate increase felt it was elastic. If a firm finds that it can sell $13,000 worth of a product when its price is $5 per unit and $11,000 worth of it when its price is $6, then: A. the demand for the product is elastic in the $6-$5 price range. B. the demand for the product must have increased. C. elasticity of demand is 0.74. D. the demand for the product is inelastic in the $6-$5 price range. A. the demand for the product is elastic in the $6-$5 price range. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for bread is 0.20. If the price of bread falls by 10 percent, the quantity demanded will increase by: A. 2 percent and total expenditures on bread will rise. B. 2 percent and total expenditures on bread will fall. C. 20 percent and total expenditures on bread will fall. D. 20 percent and total expenditures on bread will rise. B. 2 percent and total expenditures on bread will fall. Gigantic State University raises tuition for the purpose of increasing its revenue so that more faculty can be hired. GSU is assuming that the demand for education at GSU is: A. decreasing. B. relatively elastic. C. perfectly elastic. D. relatively inelastic. D. relatively inelastic. If the demand for farm products is price inelastic, a good harvest will cause farm revenues to: A. increase. B. decrease. C. be unchanged. D. either increase or decrease, depending on what happens to supply. B. decrease. Other things the same, if a price change causes total revenue to change in the opposite direction, demand is: A. perfectly inelastic. B. relatively elastic. C. relatively inelastic. D. of unit elasticity. B. relatively elastic. If the price elasticity of demand for a product is unity, a decrease in price will: A. have no effect upon the amount purchased. B. increase the quantity demanded and increase total revenue. C. increase the quantity demanded, but decrease total revenue. D. increase the quantity demanded, but total revenue will be unchanged. D. increase the quantity demanded, but total revenue will be unchanged. In which of the following cases will total revenue increase? A. price falls and demand is inelastic B. price falls and supply is elastic C. price rises and demand is inelastic D. price rises and demand is elastic C. price rises and demand is inelastic A manufacturer of frozen pizzas found that total revenue decreased when price was lowered from $5 to $4. It was also found that total revenue decreased when price was raised from $5 to $6. Thus, A. the demand for pizza is elastic above $5 and inelastic below $5. B. the demand for pizza is elastic both above and below $5. C. the demand for pizza is inelastic above $5 and elastic below $5. D. $5 is not the equilibrium price of pizza. A. the demand for pizza is elastic above $5 and inelastic below $5. The total-revenue test for elasticity: A. is equally applicable to both demand and supply. B. does not apply to demand because price and quantity are inversely related. C. does not apply to supply because price and quantity are directly related. D. applies to the short-run supply curve, but not to the long-run supply curve. C. does not apply to supply because price and quantity are directly related. If the University Chamber Music Society decides to raise ticket prices to provide more funds to finance concerts, the Society is assuming that the demand for tickets is: A. parallel to the horizontal axis. B. shifting to the left. C. inelastic. D. elastic. C. inelastic. The state legislature has cut Gigantic State Universitys appropriations. GSUs Board of Regents decides to increase tuition fees to compensate for the loss of revenue. The board is assuming that the: A. demand for education at GSU is elastic. B. demand for education at GSU is inelastic. C. coefficient of price elasticity of demand for education at GSU is unity. D. coefficient of price elasticity of demand for education at GSU is greater than unity. B. demand for education at GSU is inelastic. Which of the following is correct? A. If demand is elastic, an increase in price will increase total revenue. B. If demand is elastic, a decrease in price will decrease total revenue. C. If demand is elastic, a decrease in price will increase total revenue. D. If demand is inelastic, an increase in price will decrease total revenue. C. If demand is elastic, a decrease in price will increase total revenue. Suppose that the price of peanuts falls from $3 to $2 per bushel and that, as a result, the total revenue received by peanut farmers changes from $16 to $14 billion. Thus: A. the demand for peanuts is elastic. B. the demand for peanuts is inelastic. C. the demand curve for peanuts has shifted to the right. D. no inference can be made as to the elasticity of demand for peanuts. B. the demand for peanuts is inelastic. Which of the following is correct? A. If the demand for a product is inelastic, a change in price will cause total revenue to change in the opposite direction. B. If the demand for a product is inelastic, a change in price will cause total revenue to change in the same direction. C. If the demand for a product is inelastic, a change in price may cause total revenue to change in either the opposite or the same direction. D. The price elasticity coefficient applies to demand, but not to supply. B. If the demand for a product is inelastic, a change in price will cause total revenue to change in the same direction. The demand schedules for such products as eggs, bread, and electricity tend to be: A. perfectly price elastic. B. of unit price elasticity. C. relatively price inelastic. D. relatively price elastic. C. relatively price inelastic. The elasticity of demand for a product is likely to be greater: A. if the product is a necessity, rather than a luxury good. B. the greater the amount of time over which buyers adjust to a price change. C. the smaller the proportion of ones income spent on the product. D. the smaller the number of substitute products available. B. the greater the amount of time over which buyers adjust to a price change. We would expect: A. the demand for Coca-Cola to be less price elastic than the demand for soft drinks in general. B. the demand for Coca-Cola to be more price elastic than the demand for soft drinks in general. C. no relationship between the price elasticity of demand for Coca-Cola and the price elasticity of demand for soft drinks in general. B. the demand for Coca-Cola to be more price elastic than the demand for soft drinks in general. The narrower the definition of a product: A. the larger the number of substitutes and the greater the price elasticity of demand. B. the smaller the number of substitutes and the greater the price elasticity of demand. C. the larger the number of substitutes and the smaller the price elasticity of demand. D. the smaller the number of substitutes and the smaller the price elasticity of demand. A. the larger the number of substitutes and the greater the price elasticity of demand. The more time consumers have to adjust to a change in price: A. the smaller will be the price elasticity of demand. B. the greater will be the price elasticity of demand. C. the more likely the product is a normal good. D. the more likely the product is an inferior good. B. the greater will be the price elasticity of demand. The demand for autos is likely to be: A. less price elastic than the demand for Honda Accords. B. more price elastic than the demand for Honda Accords. C. of the same price elasticity as the demand for Honda Accords. D. perfectly inelastic. A. less price elastic than the demand for Honda Accords. Price elasticity of demand is generally: A. greater in the long run than in the short run. B. greater in the short run than in the long run. C. the same in both the short run and the long run. D. greater for necessities than it is for luxuries. A. greater in the long run than in the short run. Which of the following generalizations is not correct? A. The larger an item is in ones budget, the greater the price elasticity of demand. B. The price elasticity of demand is greater for necessities than it is for luxuries. C. The larger the number of close substitutes available, the greater will be the price elasticity of demand for a particular product. D. The price elasticity of demand is greater the longer the time period under consideration. B. The price elasticity of demand is greater for necessities than it is for luxuries. If price and total revenue vary in opposite directions, demand is: A. perfectly inelastic. B. perfectly elastic. C. relatively inelastic. D. relatively elastic. D. relatively elastic. The demand for a luxury good whose purchase would exhaust a big portion of ones income is: A. perfectly price inelastic. B. perfectly price elastic. C. relatively price inelastic. D. relatively price elastic. D. relatively price elastic. The demand for a necessity whose cost is a small portion of ones total income is: A. perfectly price inelastic. B. perfectly price elastic. C. relatively price inelastic. D. relatively price elastic. C. relatively price inelastic. The price elasticity of supply measures how: A. easily labor and capital can be substituted for one another in the production process. B. responsive the quantity supplied of X is to changes in the price of X. C. responsive the quantity supplied of Y is to changes in the price of X. D. responsive quantity supplied is to a change in incomes. B. responsive the quantity supplied of X is to changes in the price of X. The main determinant of elasticity of supply is the: A. number of close substitutes for the product available to consumers. B. amount of time the producer has to adjust inputs in response to a price change. C. urgency of consumer wants for the product. D. number of uses for the product. B. amount of time the producer has to adjust inputs in response to a price change. Suppose the supply of product X is perfectly inelastic. If there is an increase in the demand for this product, equilibrium price: A. will decrease but equilibrium quantity will increase. B. and quantity will both decrease. C. will increase but equilibrium quantity will decline. D. will increase but equilibrium quantity will be unchanged. D. will increase but equilibrium quantity will be unchanged. The supply of product X is elastic if the price of X rises by: A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. C. 10 percent and quantity supplied remains the same. D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. The supply of product X is inelastic (but not perfectly inelastic) if the price of X rises by: A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. C. 10 percent and quantity supplied remains the same. D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. The elasticity of supply of product X is unitary if the price of X rises by: A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. C. 10 percent and quantity supplied stays the same. D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. The supply of product X is perfectly inelastic if the price of X rises by: A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. C. 10 percent and quantity supplied stays the same. D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. C. 10 percent and quantity supplied stays the same. It takes a considerable amount of time to increase the production of pork. This implies that: A. a change in the demand for pork will not affect its price in the short run. B. the short-run supply curve for pork is less elastic than the long-run supply curve for pork. C. an increase in the demand for pork will elicit a larger supply response in the short run than in the long run. D. the long-run supply curve for pork is less elastic than the short-run supply curve for pork. B. the short-run supply curve for pork is less elastic than the long-run supply curve for pork. Suppose that the price of product X rises by 20 percent and the quantity supplied of X increases by 15 percent. The coefficient of price elasticity of supply for good X is: A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. B. positive and therefore X is a normal good. C. less than 1 and therefore supply is inelastic. D. more than 1 and therefore supply is elastic. C. less than 1 and therefore supply is inelastic. If the supply of product X is perfectly elastic, an increase in the demand for it will increase: A. equilibrium quantity but reduce equilibrium price. B. equilibrium quantity but equilibrium price will be unchanged. C. equilibrium price but reduce equilibrium quantity. D. equilibrium price but equilibrium quantity will be unchanged. B. equilibrium quantity but equilibrium price will be unchanged. Suppose the price of a product rises and the total revenue of sellers increases. A. It can be concluded that the demand for the product is elastic. B. It can be concluded that the supply of the product is elastic. C. It can be concluded that the supply of the product is inelastic. D. No conclusion can be reached with respect to the elasticity of supply. D. No conclusion can be reached with respect to the elasticity of supply. Supply curves tend to be: A. perfectly elastic in the long run because consumer demand will have sufficient time to adjust fully to changes in supply. B. more elastic in the long run because there is time for firms to enter or leave the industry. C. perfectly inelastic in the long run because the law of scarcity imposes absolute limits on production. D. less elastic in the long run because there is time for firms to enter or leave an industry. B. more elastic in the long run because there is time for firms to enter or leave the industry. For an increase in demand the price effect is smallest and the quantity effect is largest: A. when supply is least elastic. B. in the long run. C. in the short run. D. in the immediate market period. B. in the long run. A supply curve that is a vertical straight line indicates that: A. production costs for this product cannot be calculated. B. the relationship between price and quantity supplied is inverse. C. a change in price will have no effect on the quantity supplied. D. an unlimited amount of the product will be supplied at a constant price. C. a change in price will have no effect on the quantity supplied. A supply curve that is parallel to the horizontal axis suggests that: A. the industry is organized monopolistically. B. the relationship between price and quantity supplied is inverse. C. a change in demand will change price in the same direction. D. a change in demand will change the equilibrium quantity but not price. D. a change in demand will change the equilibrium quantity but not price. An increase in demand will increase equilibrium price to a greater extent: A. if the product is a normal good. B. if the product is an inferior good. C. the less elastic the supply curve. D. the more elastic the supply curve. C. the less elastic the supply curve. The supply of known Monet paintings is: A. perfectly elastic. B. perfectly inelastic. C. relatively elastic. D. relatively inelastic. B. perfectly inelastic. An antidrug policy which reduces the supply of heroin might: A. increase street crime because the addicts demand for heroin is highly inelastic. B. reduce street crime because the addicts demand for heroin is highly elastic. C. reduce street crime because the addicts demand for heroin is highly inelastic. D. increase street crime because the addicts demand for heroin is highly elastic. A. increase street crime because the addicts demand for heroin is highly inelastic. Studies of the minimum wage suggest that the price elasticity of demand for teenage workers is relatively inelastic. This means that: A. an increase in the minimum wage would increase the total incomes of teenage workers as a group. B. an increase in the minimum wage would decrease the total incomes of teenage workers as a group. C. the unemployment effect of an increase in the minimum wage would be relatively large. D. the cross elasticity of demand between teenage and adult workers is positive and very large. A. an increase in the minimum wage would increase the total incomes of teenage workers as a group. Studies show that the demand for gasoline is: A. price inelastic in the short run, but elastic in the long run. B. price inelastic in both the short and long run. C. price elastic in the short run, but inelastic in the long run. D. price elastic in both the short and long run. B. price inelastic in both the short and long run. Farmers often find that large bumper crops are associated with declines in their gross incomes. This suggests that: A. farm products are normal goods. B. farm products are inferior goods. C. the price elasticity of demand for farm products is less than 1. D. the price elasticity of demand for farm products is greater than 1. C. the price elasticity of demand for farm products is less than 1. The supply curve of a one-of-a-kind original painting is: A. relatively elastic. B. relatively inelastic. C. perfectly inelastic. D. perfectly elastic. C. perfectly inelastic. The price of old baseball cards rises rapidly with increases in demand because: A. the supply of old baseball cards is price inelastic. B. the supply of old baseball cards is price elastic. C. the demand for old baseball cards is price inelastic. D. the demand for old baseball cards is price elastic. A. the supply of old baseball cards is price inelastic. The supply curve of antique reproductions is: A. relatively elastic. B. relatively inelastic. C. perfectly inelastic. D. unit elastic. A. relatively elastic. Suppose the income elasticity of demand for toys is +2.00. This means that: A. a 10 percent increase in income will increase the purchase of toys by 20 percent. B. a 10 percent increase in income will increase the purchase of toys by 2 percent. C. a 10 percent increase in income will decrease the purchase of toys by 2 percent. D. toys are an inferior good. A. a 10 percent increase in income will increase the purchase of toys by 20 percent. If the income elasticity of demand for lard is -3.00, this means that: A. lard is a substitute for butter. B. lard is a normal good. C. lard is an inferior good. D. more lard will be purchased when its price falls. C. lard is an inferior good. The formula for cross elasticity of demand is percentage change in: A. quantity demanded of X/percentage change in price of X. B. quantity demanded of X/percentage change in income. C. quantity demanded of X/percentage change in price of Y. D. price of X/percentage change in quantity demanded of Y. C. quantity demanded of X/percentage change in price of Y. Cross elasticity of demand measures how sensitive purchases of a specific product are to changes in: A. the price of some other product. B. the price of that same product. C. income. D. the general price level. A. the price of some other product. The larger the positive cross elasticity coefficient of demand between products X and Y, the: A. stronger their complementariness. B. greater their substitutability. C. smaller the price elasticity of demand for both products. D. the less sensitive purchases of each are to increases in income B. greater their substitutability. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand between Pepsi and Coke to be: A. positive, indicating normal goods. B. positive, indicating inferior goods. C. positive, indicating substitute goods. D. negative, indicating substitute goods. C. positive, indicating substitute goods. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand between dress shirts and ties to be: A. positive, indicating normal goods. B. positive, indicating complementary goods. C. negative, indicating substitute goods. D. negative, indicating complementary goods. D. negative, indicating complementary goods. Compared to coffee, we would expect the cross elasticity of demand for: A. tea to be negative, but positive for cream. B. tea to be positive, but negative for cream. C. both tea and cream to be negative. D. both tea and cream to be positive. B. tea to be positive, but negative for cream. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand for Pepsi to be greater in relation to other soft drinks than that for soft drinks in general because: A. soft drinks are normal goods. B. the income effect always exceeds the substitution effect. C. there are fewer good substitutes for soft drinks as a whole than for Pepsi specifically. D. there are more good substitutes for soft drinks as a whole than for Pepsi specifically. C. there are fewer good substitutes for soft drinks as a whole than for Pepsi specifically. Suppose that a 10 percent increase in the price of normal good Y causes a 20 percent increase in the quantity demanded of normal good X. The coefficient of cross elasticity of demand is: A. negative and therefore these goods are substitutes. B. negative and therefore these goods are complements. C. positive and therefore these goods are substitutes. D. positive and therefore these goods are complements. C. positive and therefore these goods are substitutes. Suppose that a 20 percent increase in the price of normal good Y causes a 10 percent decline in the quantity demanded of normal good X. The coefficient of cross elasticity of demand is: A. negative and therefore these goods are substitutes. B. negative and therefore these goods are complements. C. positive and therefore these goods are substitutes. D. positive and therefore these goods are complements. B. negative and therefore these goods are complements. Assume that a 4 percent increase in income across the economy produces an 8 percent increase in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand is: A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. B. negative and therefore X is a normal good. C. positive and therefore X is an inferior good. D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. Assume that a 6 percent increase in income in the economy produces a 3 percent increase in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand is: A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. B. positive but less than one; therefore X is an inferior good. C. positive and therefore X is an inferior good. D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. Assume that a 3 percent increase in income across the economy produces a 1 percent decline in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand for good X is: A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. B. negative and therefore X is a normal good. C. positive and therefore X is an inferior good. D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. Which type of goods is most adversely affected by recessions? A. Goods for which the income elasticity coefficient is relatively low or negative. B. Goods for which the income elasticity coefficient is relatively high and positive. C. Goods for which the cross elasticity coefficient is positive. D. Goods for which the cross elasticity coefficient is negative. B. Goods for which the income elasticity coefficient is relatively high and positive. Which of the following goods (with their respective income elasticity coefficients in parentheses) will most likely suffer a decline in demand during a recession? A. Dinner at a nice restaurant (+1.8) B. Chicken purchased at the grocery store for preparation at home (+0.25) C. Facial tissue (+0.6) D. Plasma screen and LCD TVs (+4.2) D. Plasma screen and LCD TVs (+4.2) Which of the following goods will least likely suffer a decline in demand during a recession? A. Dinner at a nice restaurant B. iPods C. Toothpaste D. Plasma screen and LCD TVs C. Toothpaste

Mozart And The Mind Essays - Intelligence, Psychometrics

Mozart And The Mind Mozart and the Mind Music appears to be one of the fundamental activities of mankind. In nearly every country around the world people are dancing, singing, jiving, or chillin to their favorite tunes. There is just something about the variations of musical notes all mixed together that can alter the way we act, feel, and even think. It is generally agreed that music causes some kind of increased arousal in those who are the least bit interested in it and are listening with some degree of concentration. In depth studies have shown that music can reduce pain in childbirth, strengthen immune systems, and give surgery patients fewer complications with a much faster recovery (Take two? 108). The latest claim is that listening to classical music can enhance ones ability to reason abstractly, in turn boosting a person's IQ (intelligence quotient). The question is, is the claim really valid? Astonishingly, this idea is taken as fact in most parts of America when really it is a theory based on much exaggeration. This idea of there being a link between classical music and a person's IQ is commonly referred to as the Mozart Effect, a term coined by Alfred Tomatis. This was first suggested about six years ago by a group of researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh (Halpern 1). Using music as treatment for psychological or physical disorders is an idea that has existed in many forms, in many cultures, and for many centuries (Marwick 267). Well, so what. Music may play a role in how a person acts or feels. But does becoming smarter by listening to this same music fall along similar lines? Braddock 2 Some agree and others disagree; nevertheless they are basing their beliefs on three areas: experimental data, scientific research on the brain, or personal experiences. Among the many supporters of the Mozart Effect is the author of The Mozart Effect, Don Campbell. The Red Book magazine reports Campbell saying in his book that 'music alters our energy patterns and affects all sorts of processes, from blood pressure and heartbeat to muscle tensions and brain waves' (Take two? 108). The main study of importance supporting Campbell's claim came from a study done by researchers from the University of Wisconsin. This study consisted of several college students listening to Mozart's Sonata of two pianos in D major for 10 minutes and then taking a specialized test (Weiss D5). The results showed that the students scored better on the tests after listening to the music, giving evidence of at least a temporary boost in IQ (D5). With studies like these surfacing, there is just to much evidence in support of the Mozart Effect for it to just be thrown away, yet the evidence presented from these same studies is not strong enough to persuade all. So the controvers y is now on the validity of studies like the one conducted by the researchers from the University of Wisconsin. These people in opposition believe that music has no relation with the way you think and how one may learn. The main arguments that the theory debunkers present have to do with the lack of scientific evidence the theory is currently holding its ground with. One strong argument against the Mozart Effect is that the only study taken tested one short piece of music: 10 minutes' worth of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major. The study said that, after listening to the music, subjects only experienced a Braddock 3 temporary boost in scores (Kolata 5). So in fact the original research behind this attractive brain-altering notion said nothing about neither intelligence nor brain development. All it displayed was that a group of college students happened to do better on a battery of specialized tests shortly after listening to Mozart. Despite these claims there is still scientific research being done on music and its relationship to the mind including numerous laboratory experiments on animals and humans alike. Shown with an Electro-encephalogram, the changes of amplitude and frequency of the brain waves are evident. Therefore there is definitely something going on in the brain when musical notes vibrate through our ears, but the question of does it make a person smarter? is still present.

Arab Israeli Conflict essays

Arab Israeli Conflict essays Fighting intensifies during the last few days of British rule. The tel aviv-jerusalem road was repeatedly being tried to be cut off by the Arabian forces to prevent Jews of Jerusalem getting to the coast. 14th may 1948 Ben Gurion announced Israelis existence and the neighbouring Arab governments responded with war. 30000 Arab soldiers then invaded Palestine and although they outnumbered the Jews, lack of organisation between the Arabs and distrust with the leaders caused them to fail. King Abdullah of Jordan had overall control. He wanted to control Jerusalem and the west bank. His forces fought for the areas but lost as the Israelis resisted fiercely with the support of the US and soviet On 11th June, UN arranged a month long truce. 7 July truce ended. On the 17th of July, another truce was announced, but this truce ended when Israeli troops attacked Egyptian Forces. Israel took the coastal strip between tel aviv and Gaza and drove Arab forces out of northern Palestine. By early 1949, Israel controlled all of Palestine, except for the Gaza strip and the west bank Arab armies were forced to admit defeat. On the 24th of February 1949, an armistice agreement was signed between Israel and Egypt. - A Jewish state was established within a territory controlled by Jewish - Large numbers of Jewish migrants moved to the new state. - Only the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem and the West Bank remained outside - The majority of Arab Palestinians fled Israel and became refugees. Only a minority remained under Jewish control. - Governments of Arab states were humiliated by the defeat. Arab leaders were discredited and lost power as a result. - Government of Syria was overthrown in 1949 - King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated in 1951 - King Farouk of Egypt, lost power in 1952 - Israel Occupied most the land granted to the Arabs in 1948 - 280,000 Palestinians moved to the eastern section of Pales...

Myself As the King Consumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myself As the King Consumer - Essay Example Therefore, I believe that I cannot make a mistake when making a purchase because it comes highly recommended by trustworthy people. Then, of course, there are the trending Tweets when it comes to the latest trends in gadgets, fashion, accessories, music, etc. There is a whole multimedia campaign going on here just because Taylor Swift wants me to go back to 1989. the question is, do I spend my hard earned money just on the say-so of the brand marketers? As a consumer, it becomes increasingly difficult for me to purchase items because of all the outside factors that involve themselves in my purchasing decision. However, I find that once I break free from the influence of the brand marketers and my family members, I am even more lost than ever before I purchase something. Why is that? There are too many brands out there that all tout themselves to be better than the other for me to make a personal judgment about the item I wish to purchase. This is when my purchases begin to enter the â€Å"Hail Mary† phase. I make a decision, don't look back, or allow the salesperson to sales talk me into looking at another item before I head to the cashier. I made my decision, I can only hope it was the right one. That is what purchasing decisions have come to these days. Too much influence from other sources has spoiled the shopping experience for me. I can't even buy a tube of toothpaste these days without comparing prices, checking coupons, and googling product reviews, right there in the middle of the supermarket! That just goes to show that there is no such thing as a King Consumer anymore. These days, people know what they want, the problem, is which brand to choose. This is when the practical side of me comes into play. I believe that if I buy something too cheap, it'll break within the day. If it is too expensive, I get bells and whistles that I don't really need. So I try to  shoot for the middle brand.

Performance Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Rights Act - Essay Example It is actually one of nine bills headed for the same thing but with a little different wordage. The plan is to require all radio performances including terrestrial radio, to pay performance license fees to artists for the broadcast of music (ecoustics.com). At this point in time webcasters , satellite companies, and cable companies all pay artists and others for the right to play recorded music but terrestrial radio is not required to do so. The nine bills that are now in Congress are meant to try to equalize this situation. Some of those bills are HR4788 sponsored by Representative Howard Berman, HR 848 presented by Representative John Conyers and another by Senator Partick Leahy. Senator Leahy states that presently it is very unfair and unjust for the radio companies not to have to pay for recordings. To them, it is there livelihood and it is unjust to not get paid for what they do as artists. The Performance Rights bill is meant to stop that unfairness(ecoustics.com). The Performance Rights bill will close an ancient loop hole in the copyright law that was created and allowed AM & FM radio stations to earn $16 million a year in advertising revenue without compensating the artists and musicians who have brought them the music in the first place. These artists bring the music to life and the music brings the listeners to the radio dial (ecoustics.com). AM & FM radio becau AM & FM radio because of the loop hole is the only platform of music that does not pay the artists and musicians a fee for the use of their music, in fact this is the only country in which this occurs. According to the artists, AM & FM radio have received a free pass. Sam Moore says, that American broadcasters have earned billions of dollars by playing the music created by these artists and all the artists want is to receive what artists in every other country around the world receives when their recordings are broadcast, fair compensation for the performance of their work. All the Performance Rights Act does is to bring the United States into line with other countries in the world. The major provisions of the act include providing a statutory license for making one payment annually under a set rate through negotiations or by the Copyright Royalty Board for all the music they play. This would be in place of the original thought of having to negotiate every copyright owner for each use of their music. This Act would accommodate small broadcasters and others by assuring balance and fairness that is not presently there. More than 75% of all commercial radio stations would pay only $1,000 per year. People like talk radio who only use music incidentally would not have to pay the fee and neither would religious radio. Most of the other 8 amendments read very close to the same way. The Future of Music Coalition has many issues going on at this point and only one of those is the Performance Rights Act. The future of the web and what it means to the music industry is part of their concern at the moment. Many artists are now using the internet to do their own open bookings of live concerts as well as selling merchandise, and booking tours. Almost all of them are building fan bases on the web. The Live Nation and Ticketmaster controversy and merger has concerned many of the artists enough to cause them to find ways to take on some of this business venture themselves. This

Both sides of free trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Both sides of free trade - Research Paper Example ironmental sustainability, the citification mechanism of producers in exporting countries and certification of products in importing countries and creating awareness of such products among consumers of the developed world (Singh, 2001). On the other hand free trade is a global effort to carry out international trade free of negative protectionist practices such as higher tariffs on imports, subsidies to domestic producers, foreign exchange restrictions, dumping cheaper goods abroad, imposing dubious standards on imports and import substitution by propping up unwieldy domestic industries. Theoretically free trade is based on neoliberal economic principles dating back to Ricardo’s argument on the principle of comparative advantage. Free trade and fair trade aren’t necessarily the same though some of the ultimate outcomes would converge. In fact divergences between the two are many and if free trade were practiced with full force indeed, fair trade would take a back seat. Globalization has been the catch word used by many who advocate free trade. Such people vehemently support all and everything in the name of free trade. On the other hand fair trade is a distant cousin of free trade. An inevitable aspect of this relationship between the two is that the former is marginalized while the latter is well placed at the center of the global market. Fair trade is essentially replete with intricate nuances ranging from market access facilitation processes to marginalized producers to sustainability efforts. Such noble principles need some theoretical and conceptual frameworks to support them though. Free trade theories are many while the principle of comparative advantage is the most predominant among them. The basis on which free trade is advocated by its supporters is determined by a series of arguments which in turn are associated with neoliberal perspectives. In the first place globalization is the logical premise used by supporters of international free trade to

Will The Internet Drown The Travel Agents Tourism Essay

Will The Internet Drown The Travel Agents Tourism Essay November 2009, Budget travel the largest tour operator in Ireland ceased trading and closed the remaining 17 of total 31 retail shops. The company was established in May 1975 and had a 30% share of the market. The internet is a tidal waveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It will wash over the computer industry and many others, drowning those who dont learn to swim in its waves. (Bill Gates, 1995) Travel agents used to be the purchase channel between the travellers and the suppliers; now travellers can bypass the travel agents and purchase directly from the suppliers by using the internet. Will the internet drown the travel agents, like Bill Gates predicted, or will they learn to swim in its waves? A lot of research in this area has focused on how travellers and suppliers use the internet to eliminate the middle man, this research examines how travel agents are evolving and surviving this disintermediation. This dissertation is important to the middle men (the travel agents) and will examine what future, if any, they have and what form that future will take. Also this is important to future researchers, due to the lack of recent research literatures on this topic. Background to Study Currently travellers demand more and higher quality travel services, products, information and value for their money. The internet serves as a new form of communication and distribution channel for the traveller and travel service suppliers. It enables tourism suppliers to improve their competitiveness and performance, by cutting out the middle man, bringing more profit to the tourism suppliers and allowing suppliers to provide lower fare to the travellers. Before the internet, travellers had to book though travel agents. These bookings typically consisted of a large range of bundled products; each of the products within the booking was presented to the traveller in a sequential fashion. For example, the start of the trip would almost certainly consist of a flight product; at the destination airport the traveller would possibly collect their hire car and they would then go on to their pre-booked hotel. The industry relies on linking various products from various sources at specific times and locations to create a coherent package or product for the traveller. As Longhi (2008) stated, the value chain of the travel and tourism industry could traditionally be split into five main types of actors or participants (Figure 1): Figure 1 The Travel and Tourism Industry Supplier Chain Suppliers GDS Tour operators Travel agents Traveller Suppliers and service providers. Global Distribution Systems (GDS), such as Galileo, Sabre and Amadeus, used for reservations, information search, client management and reporting. Tour operators, who bundle the tourism products from suppliers. Travel agencies, which distribute the different products from services providers and tour operators to the consumer. Travellers, the actual customers. In contrast to the traditional model above, the internet provides a way for tourism suppliers to sell their products globally to potential travellers. For these suppliers, this model represents lower distribution costs, access to a much larger market and therefore higher potential revenues. For travellers, it represents an ability to communicate directly with tourism suppliers and to purchase what they wish when they wish to; with no recourse to a middleman. To some researchers, online booking sites significantly reduce the importance of travel agencies, a trend that could ultimately result in the permanent removal of travel agents from the supplier chain (Barnett and Standing, 2001). However, Palmer and McCole (1999) argue that travel agencies provide personal information and advice to traveller and that this is their key strength. There has been a significant amount of research on how the internet has changed the way travellers purchase products, but very little has been conducted on how the internet impacts the intermediaries travel agents. With the trend towards disintermediation, the elimination of the middle men between the suppliers and the consumers, travel agents would seem to be facing extinction. Bennett(1992) claims that changes to information technology in the travel industry over the past few years have worked primarily in favour of the suppliers and at the expense of the travel agents. Caywood, Loverseed and Murray (1999) support this view and suggest that these changes are aimed at encouraging travellers to bypass travel agents altogether. It is certainly undeniable that the internet is providing the means for suppliers and consumers to communicate directly. Figures available from the Irish Central Statistic Office indicate that over the past 4 years, the number of travellers booking online has increased dramatically and, by the same token, the number booking through travel agents has substantially decreased. Number of Trips by Irish Residents (Thousand) Travel Agent Internet 2006 1729 5510 2009 1046 7496 Despite these statistics, travel agents still exist within the marketplace. The fact that they are still here means that they are somehow managing to compete with the internet. A number of arguments have been put forward to suggest why travel agents are still surviving and also what they need to do to continue to compete and flourish. Lowerngart and Reichal (1998) claim that there are opportunities available to travel agents provided they focus on specific markets and specialise their activities. Waksberg (1997) argued that travel agents should move from a focus on transaction processing to the provision of consultative services. Lovelock (1992) claims that travel agents will need to expand their advisory function and concentrate on the provision of information and details that are not available to the traveller through the internet. Beirne (1999) suggests that travel agents should become consumer advocates, finding the best deals for the traveller. The Research Questions The primary research objective is to recognize how the internet is changing the travel industry and what strategies or techniques travel agents are adopting to evolve and sustain their positions. The key research question maybe posed as How does the internet impact travel agents? From the key question than expand to sub questions as following: How has the internet changed the business of travel agents? What threats does the internet present for travel agents? How are travel agents using the internet to run and improve their businesses? In what ways are travel agents competing with online travel providers? How will travel agents utilize the internet in the future to enhance their business operations and increase their profits? Timeframe of the Study The study was conducted over a nine months period from December 2010 to August 2010. The initial proposal was established during December to February, when the research topic was decided. The main body of work commenced in March 2010. Roadmap of Chapters The dissertation is split in to five major chapters followed by reference, bibliography and appendices. A summary of the subsequent chapters is outlined below: Chapter 2 contains a brief history of travel reservation system, as well as a discussion on existing research in the area and predictions concerning the future of travel agents. Chapter 3 discusses what methodological approach has been taken, the methods used to design and develop the research instruments, detailing the rationale for selection of the focus group, interview and online survey questions. Chapter 4 contains analysis on the primary secondary data and the findings. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research and future work needed in this area. Chapter 2 literature review 2.1 Introduction November 2009, Budget travel the largest tour operator in Ireland ceased trading and closed the remaining 17 of total 31 retail shops. The company was established in May 1975 and had a 30% share of the market. This chapter sets out to examine how travel agents operated before the widespread use of the internet. It contrasts this historic, or traditional, mode of operation with the way that they operate today; placing particular emphasis on how the internet has directly impacted travel agents in the modern marketplace. There is a lack of recent and current research on this very specific topic, as a result most articles cited within this chapter are quite old. However, the lack of pertinent articles is also indicative of the importance of this research. This chapter draws on selected research identified during the literature review. It outlines the relationship between the internet and travel agents and it is from this literature review that the research questions for this dissitation emerged. 2.2 Exploratory Research A list of relevant articles and other sources were initially established through searches in selected computer science, communications and social sciences databases. Additional articles were found by following references from the initial list to their sources. The following databases were searched for the keywords Travel agents, Internet vs. Travel agents, Reservation system, Distribution channel, Tourism and travel, Information system, survival of the middle man and travel agency. Electronic journals http://atoz.ebsco.com IEEE Online Journal Index http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/periodicals.jsp Stella catalogue http://stella.catalogue.tcd.ie/iii/encore/home?lang=eng Science Direct http://www.sciencedirect.com Emerald http://www.emeraldinsight.com.elib.tcd.ie/ SAGE Journals Online http://online.sagepub.com.elib.tcd.ie ISI Web of knowledge http://apps.isiknowledge.com.elib.tcd.ie Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com Fig 2 Selected database table 2.3 History Any discussion on the history of the travel industry is necessarily complicated by large scale conflicts or wars. These are events which profoundly restrict any and all international travel, effectively shutting down the travel industry. For this reason, this document will consider the history of travel industry from the late 1940s onwards. Events prior to this are outside of the scope of this research. During the period under discussion, the late 1940s, travellers were few and fares were tightly regulated. The customer would telephone the travel agent, giving them details of the required travel arrangements. The agents would then call or telex the suppliers, on receiving these details the supplier would store them on a reservation card and then file that card. The number of air travellers steadily increased during the late 1940s and 1950s, in response to this; the airline schedules grew more complex. The existing simplistic system of booking travel products had to evolve to meet the increased size and complexity of the travel marketplace. In 1959, IBM developed a Computer Reservation System (CRS, also known as a Global Distribution System (GDS)) called Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE). Initially developed for American Airlines, it was an answer to the problem of how to scale the reservation process to match the increased demand for travel. By 1964 it was the largest civil data processing system in the world (DUNCAN G.1995). Other airlines followed suit and introduced their own CRS or GDS systems. To book an air itinerary, travel agents had to call a reservation agent within the specific airline; the airline reservation agent would then make the flight reservation though a GDS terminal. The travel agent would then book any other additional travel products, such as hotel accommodation or a rental car, again using the telephone. This process created constrain on the travel agents, so they began pushing for a system that could automate their side of the process. In 1976 all airlines start grant travel agents access to their reservation system, allow agents to book ticket through their systems directly. At the same time in the UK , British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the worlds first multi-access reservation system, it has 49 airlines subscribing to it, it enable the travel agents and airlines communicate via a common distribution language and networks. From its success Travicom start implement similar system in different country, later when British Airline chose to participate in the development of the Galileo system ; Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK and a migration process was put in place to move agencies from Travicom to Galileo (B. Schmid, 1994). By the end of the 1990s there are nine major GDS of which 6 are still been used today. The GDS allow travel agent to a ccess its data using a terminal window through the network. Now travel agents can book flights directly with the GDS, they quickly realised that the computer terminals they are using everyday could be a convenient tool for booking other services as well. The GDS soon realised to fulfil the travel agents requirements; they need to add booking capabilities for rent cars, accommodations and other travel products (HSMAI Marketing Review, 1996). Finally travel agents can now book itinerary though one source within a network. When the internet becomes more and more popular, airlines and travel agents like other corporations start to use internet to improve their business. All GDSs can now be accessed through internet, travel agents can simply log on to the GDSs website to make search and reservation, most of the communications are done by email, the internet allows the travel agents operate more efficient. It also enables airlines to discard paper tickets, allow travellers to check in online, and travel agents will no longer has to worry about if the paper ticket will not reach the traveller on time. At the same time the internet also enable the traveller to book trips bypass the travel agents (Jo Cheyne et. Al, 2005). 2.3 Existing research of internet and travel agents Examining the key findings of some of the major studies on the relationship between the internet and travel agents. 2.3.1 The advent of the internet and disintermediation in the travel industry The internet has changed the traditional distribution channels; various studies have shown how well the internet is suited to the travel and tourism industry (Buhalis and Licate, 2002; Chirstian, 2001). With advent of the internet, suppliers can provide information on their products online, timely, up to date, to the travellers to assist their decision making. This , in turn, necessitates the balancing of perishable tourism products and changeable tourist demand, furthermore, the tourism industry is diversified, with a plethora of different suppliers that operate independently, even as tourists expect travelling to be complete experience. The resolve this mismatch, the internet offers an effective means for developing a single and sustainable electronic infrastructure for information gathering and business transactions for both travellers and suppliers. A natural outcome of this is that the suppliers can carry out one-to one marketing and mass customization. In other words, travel su pplier an now understand each customers needs, and therefore target each customer individually and deliver tailor-made products. More importantly, travel suppliers can understand how to deliver information and sell their products and services to customers directly through their website (Law, 2002). Travel services and product suppliers see the internet as an opportunity to save money on distribution costs. Inkpen (1998) stated that the internet allows the suppliers to sell their product directly to the travellers, bring them a significant cost savings. As Law (2000) contends that the internet allows the tourism suppliers to control and update their service remotely with electric speed, reaching global travellers anywhere, anytime. The benefits of an online website bring lower distribution cost, higher profit, and larger share of the market to the tourism suppliers. For the travellers, the internet allows them to bypass the travel agents, book directly with the chosen suppliers anytime, anywhere (Olmeda and Sheldon, 2001). The suppliers can reach the travellers directly, which allow suppliers reduce cost on distribution channel, hence cheaper price are offered to the travellers, this seems like a Win-Win situation for the travellers and the suppliers, which bring uncertainty to the future of the travel agents. 2.3.2 Advantage of the internet for travellers Jo Cheyne et al (2006) attested that travel agents are the key intermediary between travel suppliers and travellers; with the advent of the internet travellers and suppliers could interact directly, internet offer more information then travel agents and often provide cheaper price. Long (2000) summaries it in 4 points: The internet provide convenient and instant access for availability enquiries and bookings at times when consumers want o research and purchase travel Ability to access easily information that is detailed and also up to date, helping decision making. A cost advantage in purchasing travel online as results of the market becoming more competitive, as well as the ability for consumers to take advantage of substantial online discounts that cannot be obtained via any other traditional distribution channels and possible cost advantages for consumers as result of decreased distribution cost Avoid travel agent fees and charges. 2.3.3 Disadvantage of the internet for consumers Lang (2000) also identified the disadvantages that stop customers purchase online: Difficulty in finding the website and information they require Time consuming Online security issues Information overload Lack of trust in the technology Lack of human interaction Standing and Vasudanvan (1999) indicated that some researchers are mainly focusing on the impact of internet and threats of disintermediation, there are very littler work carried out on the strategies travel agents has adopted and the internet marketing models they are using. A large survey of Australian travel agencies website has been carried out, the findings shows that the major of agencies use internet as a yellow pages or online holiday brochure, a small percentage of websites allow the travellers to make booking, around half of the website capture the data on the travellers, but only few captured the traveller email address. The paper also suggested that travel agents should use internet as a marketing tool. 2.3.2 Implications of the internet for travel agents The internet has changed the traditional distribution channels; customers can buy products directly from the suppliers anytime anywhere. Travel services and product suppliers see the internet as an opportunity to save money on distribution costs. Inkpen (1998) stated that the internet allows the suppliers to sell their product directly to the travellers, bring them a significant cost savings. As Law (2000) contends that the internet allows the tourism suppliers to control and update their service remotely with electric speed, reaching global travellers anywhere, anytime. The benefits of an online website bring lower distribution cost, higher profit, and larger share of the market to the tourism suppliers. For the travellers, the internet allows them to bypass the travel agents, book directly with the chosen suppliers anytime, anywhere (Olmeda and Sheldon, 2001). The suppliers can reach the travellers directly, which allow suppliers reduce cost on distribution channel, hence cheaper p rice are offered to the travellers, this seems like a Win-Win situation for the travellers and the suppliers, which bring uncertainty to the future of the travel agents. Lawton and Weaver (2009) did in-depth interviews with 19 owners of successful US-based travel agencies, the paper did SWOT analysis over the 19 travel agencies, and identified that the negative public perceptions of travel agencies is the main external threat. 2.3.2 Demands for travel agents One of the most recent study on this topic, tried to identify the tourist perceptions of the potential for the elimination of travel agencies in the presence of the internet. Law et al (2004) conducted a questionnaire on selected experienced travellers, who had visited at least one travel Web site were asked to participate. The answers of 413 travellers on preference on book through internet-based or traditional distribution channels were analysed. The results show that travellers still ask travel agents for advice and their professional services. The paper proposed that from the findings both online and travel agents can coexist in the future. This is probably the most cited recent piece of research on the relationship between travel agents and internet, although some of its findings have subsequently been contested, it must still be regarded as one of the seminal works in the area. Jo Cheyne et al (2006) attested that travel agents are the key intermediary between travel suppliers and travellers; with the advent of the internet travellers and suppliers could interact directly. Main finding was the factors that influence travellers choices on using a travel agent or the internet when booking an over sea holiday, the factors are: services reliability, managing complex itinerary, guarantee, attractive deal and payment security. 2.3.2 The changing roles of travel agents Lowerngart and Reichal (1998) claim that there are opportunities available to travel agents provided they focus on specific markets and specialise their activities. Waksberg (1997) argued that travel agents should move from a focus on transaction processing to the provision of consultative services. Lovelock (1992) claims that travel agents will need to expand their advisory function and concentrate on the provision of information and details that are not available to the traveller through the internet. Beirne (1999) suggests that travel agents should become consumer advocates, finding the best deals for the traveller. Michael Bloch and Arie Segev (1997) has contend travel agents should adopt the IKEA concept, the Swedish furniture giant transformed from a traditional store to a family destinations, with restaurant, kids play ground ,etc. Travel agents can do the same, with each area set to different destinations, or type of travel products. Each area has an information point, that t ravel agents could provide information on the particular destinations, supported by video clips of the main attractions. The experience of shopping might be the only thing that internet could not replicate. 2.3.5 Importance of internet technology for travel agents Barnett and Standing (2000) have identified two major threats that the internet has on the traditional travel agents; they are disintermediation of retail agencies by the product suppliers, and the emergence of new online intermediaries. It argues that the traditional travel agents are not aligned with the demand of new travel economy, travel agents has to establish web present. Standing and Vasudanvan (1999) indicated that some researchers are mainly focusing on the impact of internet and threats of disintermediation, there are very littler work carried out on the strategies travel agents has adopted and the internet marketing models they are using. A large survey of Australian travel agencies website has been carried out, the findings shows that the major of agencies use internet as a yellow pages or online holiday brochure, a small percentage of websites allow the travellers to make booking, around half of the website capture the data on the travellers, but only few captured the traveller email address. The paper also suggested that travel agents should use internet as a marketing tool. 2.5 Research questions and objectives

The History of Puerto Rican Migration :: Historical Puerto Rico Immigration Essays

The History of Puerto Rican Migration Through out the twentieth century Puerto Rican immigrants have played a major role in the United States’ labor force, cultural identity, and in politics. From the 1920’s, when the cigar makers waged their union battles, attracting the attention of other trade unions to Puerto Rican workers. Today the Puerto Rican Political Action Committee of Connecticut (PRPAC) is a major player in state politics, by supporting candidates and getting the Puerto Rican community involved in the elections of the state, but also the city of Hartford. In the "Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York", Vega talk about finding a voice for the laborers of the city and fighting for equal opportunity for all workers. In Jose Cruz’s "Identity and Power: Puerto Rican Politics and the Challenge of Ethnicity", he talks about in today’s society how Puerto Ricans must stay together in the battle to be heard by the government. As a result of protests against the imprisonment of Eugene V. Debs, a massive strike broke out in July of 1919. The strike stopped all cigar production in New York City, slowly spreading throughout the United States. Quickly unions began to see the importance of the Puerto Rican worker. This strike had many benefits for Puerto Rican workers. Soon after, Puerto Rican laborers began to enjoy the same wages and hours as other immigrant workers from other countries. However, the most notable result of the cigar makers’ strike was that for the first time Puerto Rican delegates were able to participate in the meetings of the union members. The cigar makers’ strike led to other strikes by different Puerto Rican laborers to call the attention of their owners to the fact that the Puerto Rican labor force was a group that was not going to be pushed around. On December 2, 1922 the Liga Puertorriquena was formed. Composed of an array of social, intellectual groups that had never before taken up the position of the workers’ struggle, Liga Puertorriquena was the first major effort to unify the concerns of the entire community. This new group now had the backing of the Puerto Rican community to make their voice heard in the city. Puerto Ricans were now able to protest and have an impact on what was going on both in the community and back on the island.